By Dr. Jose Osorio, Cardiac Electrophysiologist
The Electrical System of The Heart
The heart is a muscle that contracts to pump blood to the body. The heart has two upper chambers – the atria and two lower chambers – the ventricle.
Atria and Ventricles are separated by heart valves that are meant to allow blood to only flow forward. The ventricle is the more muscular part of your heart and responsible for over 80% of the blood flow. The atria are thinner, but also very important to help with blood flow.
The atria and ventricles contract in an organized sequence which is very efficient. That sequence is controlled by the electrical system of the heart: the sinus node, AV node and His-Purkinje system.
Sinus Node
Your heart has a specialized electrical system that essentially tells the muscle when to beat or contract. The electrical impulse begins in the Sinus node. The Sinus node is located in the right atrium, and is your own natural pacemaker – telling the heart when it is time to beat. It controls the rate and increases it as needed – for example during exercise.
When your heart is in normal rhythm, it is called sinus rhythm because the sinus node is controlling when each heart beat is going to happen.
After the Sinus node start the contraction in the right atrium, the electrical activity travels through the right and left atrium causing that part of the heart to contract, pushing blood forward, into the right and left ventricles.
The atria is not nearly as important as the ventricle in terms of heart pumping function. However, it is very important in regulating the normal heart rhythm (via the sinus node). The atria is also the origin of many heart rhythm disorders, such as atrial fibrillation or other so called supraventricular arhythmias.
AV node
After the activity starts in the sinus node it goes into the AV node. The AV node is best described as a wire that connects the upper and lower chambers, sending the electrical impulse that started in the sinus node into the ventricle, telling it to contract.
His-Purkinje System
The impulse then travels from the AV node via specialized cells that act as wires that will send the signal to contract to the right and left ventricles.
When the normal sequence is followed
1. Impulse originates in the sinus node and quickly spreads into the right and left atria
2. Atria will contract causing blood to flow into the ventricles
3. The electrical impulse will goes through the AV node, which causes a small delay, allowing the ventricles to fill with more blood
4. Electrical impulses are then conducted quickly via the His-Purkinje system into the entire right and left ventricles
5. As the electrical impulses reach the heart muscle, the right and left ventricles will contract
6. When the ventricles contract the mitral and tricuspid valves will close causing the blood to be ejected forward, into your lungs or you body.
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